pH matters for soil and crops, body chemistry, digestion and water quality. pH paper is cheap and approximate; pH meters are accurate but need calibration with buffer solutions; indicators (litmus, natural indicators, universal indicator) show acidity by colour change.
Why pH matters: it affects crop growth in soil, body chemistry and digestion, water treatment, and food and drink quality.
pH paper: dip it in the sample and match the colour to the chart. It is cheap and quick but only approximate, and a coloured sample can mislead the reading.
pH meter: place the electrode in the sample and read the display. Calibrate it with buffer solutions first, rinse the electrode between samples and store it properly.
Indicators: litmus turns red or blue; natural indicators (such as red cabbage, hibiscus or turmeric) change colour with pH; universal indicator gives a range of colours across the scale.
Choosing a tool: pH paper for quick field checks, a meter for accurate readings, indicators for demonstrations.
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